The Red Nightmare documentary

1. In the beginning of the film, it appears to be an ordinary American small town, but where is it? (Between 1:00 and 2:30).
     It may look like an American town, but it is actually somewhere on the boarder of the Iron Curtain on the Soviet side.

2. What is the father's (Jerry) attitude toward his responsibilities, such as attending a Parent-Teacher Meeting (PTA) and going to Army Reserve training (6:20)?
     He is proud of his country but he takes his liberties for grantit.  He wants someone else to do the jobs for the country, rather than himself.  He sounds kind of lazy and not as active, like someone else will preform his duties for him.

3. According to the film, if all people had the attitude that Jerry has, what is the Red Nightmare? (To answer this question, what does Jerry witness or experience in a Communist America at the:

• Town Square - There seemed to be a lot of military things about.  There were soldiers with machine guns and sand bags.  It was not very happy looking.  People gathered in the square place and listend to a speech about how communists would soon take over.
• His Daughter's depature (note the soldier is her boyfriend, Bill) - Jerry was very shocked that his daughter would sign up for the farm thing.  He thought that she would never do such a thing like that.  He was very against all of the soldiers going into his house.  He didn't accept that this was what happened then in communist places.  He tried to refuse the soldiers but soon realized that this is what his daughter wanted.
• the PTA - (What is this?)
• His job - He was really confused about what he had to do, and why he had to do it all today and couldn't get help on what he was working on.  He got angry at his co-worker and wanted to know why his boss wanted him to finish all of them on that day.
• His younger children's' education - He did not understand why they wanted to go to that privet school.  He thought they were being brainwashed by their school and was wondering how his life turned into a horrible mess.
• and at the church - He just kind of lost it and was really mad at the guy, who said that a Russian created one of those things, when he knew/thought that American people actually built them.  He was very confused.

4. What is Jerry's experience like at trial?      
     Jerry did not really have a chance to do much of anything.  He was already voted for being guilty, even if he had no idea what he was being accused of.  He did not even get a lawyer.  The judge(s?) were just like, yea your guilty deal with it.  It didn't look very fair at all.
 

5. Consider this film in the context of the Red Square Era. If you were a high school student 50 years ago, how would you have reacted to this film in a history class?

     If I was watching this when it actually came out, I would probably be terrified of what Jerry was going through. I would not want to end up like any of his children and all of the oppression was not very appealing.  I can see why everyone was so scared of communism.

The Race to Control Space

“We have vowed that we shall see space filled not with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding"

-President Kennedy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, September 12, 1962

President Kennedy was eager for the United  States to lead the way in exploring space.  The Soviet Union was ahead of the United States, having launched the first satellite Sputnik in 1957 and the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin to orbit around the earth in 1961.

President Kennedy said, “No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space.” In 1961 Kennedy asked Congress to approve more than twenty two billion dollars for Project Apollo, which had the goal of landing an American man on the moon before the end of the decade.

First, go to this website at the JFK Museum. Read the introduction and the JFK and Space material. 

Read the telegram and the two memos and answer the SIX questions that follow:

Telegram A.

On April 12, 1961 cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin from the Soviet Union orbited around the 

earth in 108 minutes. The same day President Kennedy wrote a telegram to Premier Nikita 

Khrushchev congratulating the Soviets on the first successful manned flight.

Memo B.

A few days later President Kennedy wrote a memo on April 20, 1961 to Vice President 

Lyndon B. Johnson, who was the chairman of the Space Council.

Memo C.

Eight days later, Vice President Johnson responded to President Kennedy’s memo.

1. In the telegram to Premier Nikita Khrushchev, how does President Kennedy say he would like the United States and the Soviet Union to work on exploring outer space?

     In the first telegram, President Kennedy says that he wants to work With Nikita K. and try to work on the space race together.  He wants to share their knowledge and work on the greater benefit for mankind. 

2. In the memo to Vice President Lyndon Johnson, what is President Kennedy's main objective?

     Kennedy's main concern was if the project was moving quickly enough, and to see if they would catch up with the Soviet Union in the space race.  He wanted to know how much speeding up this process would hurt the economy but help the US gain momentum.  What he really wanted to know was if the US would have a chance of winning against the Soviet Union and beat them to the moon.

3. What is the main difference between what President Kennedy says in the telegram and what he says in the memo in terms of how the Americans and the Soviets should explore outer space?

     In the telegram, Kennedy wants to be friends with Nikita and join together to have a common goal for the space race.  In his first memo, Kennedy wants to know the probability of the US beating the Soviets in the race for space. He has two different views of what should happen.

   

4. Why do you think President Kennedy appears to be giving two conflicting statements?

     He perhaps wants to surprise the Soviets and/or trick them to getting to the moon first.  Or Kennedy may just want to lie and gather information from the Soviets about their space ships and steal the ideas.  Unless he knows if they actually want to get to the moon first, or just to be the first men in space.  Either way, Kennedy is concerned about the slow start of  the US and wants to start a faster pace.

5. How does Vice President Johnson connect the space race with the Cold War in his April 28th memo to President Kennedy?

     Johnson says that because the Soviet Union is able to get rockets into space, they have the capability of sending nuclear weapons or just plain bombs into space to be dropped on countries.  They have already tested a rocket and crash landed in onto the moon.  They will soon have technology advanced enough to pose a threat to the rest of the world.  Is this what you meant?

6. What are Vice President Johnson’s suggestions for the President?

     One suggestion that cive president Johnson gave to Kennedy was that they should indeed quicken their process and resources for this race to space.  He also mentioned that the work force for these space ships should be increased.  Johnson thinks that if the US was more involved in the race, then they would be seen as the major world leader, as long as they surpass the Soviet's.  If the US doesn't catch up with the Soviets, then they will lose their chance at being the world leader.  The US should try to improve their technology as well if they wish to win the race.  Johnson also suggests that the US public should know of the activity that is taking place durring this time.  Johnson urges Kennedy that he should push the space projects and give as much support as necessary to them, but he also want to make sure that the safety of whoever is willing to go into space will be safe.

NSC-68 and the Arms Race

1. Study Source 7. According to this source, how serious was the Soviet nuclear threat? 
     The soviets were not a very big threat at the beginning.  They had many forces, but they did not yet have the atomic bomb.  They were not as big a threat as the US was to them.  Though they were thinking of surprising the US and then having the upper hand.  But once the Soviet Union obtained atomic bombs, they were just as strong as the US.  If it grew enough, it would soon be more powerful than the US.

2. What measures is Source 7 calling for? 
     If the USSR became just as powerful as the US, the US would have to be prepared for an air attack from the USSR.  Upgrading their Air sirens and defenses and also a system to protect the citizens.  

3. How would you describe the tone of Source 7? Use examples of words and phrases in the text to support your answer.
     Source 7 seems kind of somber and serious.  It is giving warning to what might be to come in the next years.  "It is estimated that, within the next four years, the USSR will attain the capability of seriously damaging vital centres of the United States."  It speaks of how the USSR will soon be able to attack the US on the same ground as the US would be able to attack the USSR.  The warnings of what is to come is a pressing matter that the source tries to convey to the  reader.

4. Study Source 8. What criticisms are made of Source 7?
     Source 8 is showing the Soviet Union as a bigger threat than source 7 did.  Source 8 says that the USSR  is already a big threat and have the fuel (anger) to keep them going for a while.  Source 7 portrays them as not yet a threat but soon to be one.  They differ in views of how strong the USSR really is.

5. Do you think the author of Source 7 wanted to increase tension and the risk of war? If not, what were his motives?
     I believe that the author of source 7 may want to increase the tention and risk of the war, but I also believe that it is written just as a source of information.  He wants to make sure that others know of the danger that will become larger as the standoff continues.  The author wants to warn people of the hard times to come.  He wanted them to be ready for something terrible to happen, which would increase tention and fear...

6. Do the criticisms in Source 8 mean that Source 7 is not a useful historical source? Explain your answer.

     No, the criticisms in source 8 do not mean that source 7 is not useful.  Source 8 just shows a difference of opinion than source 7.  The same person didn't write both source 7 and 8, so they are obviously going to differ between each other.  Source 8 is just more forward in what will happen rather than source 7, which is more calm about the situation.

The Formation of NATO

1. Look at Source 2. What did NATO members agree to do?    
     From what source 2 states, if one or more of the nations that are members of NATO are attacked, then the other nations that are of NATO will join to defend the nation that was attacked.  Also, each nation part of NATO will do their best to avoid fighting unless Absolutely necessary.

2. The members of NATO argued that this was a defensive alliance. Explain why Stalin was not convinced about this.    
     Stalin didn't believe that NATO was about defense because the US armies were basically invading Europe through a treaty.  Though they were not there to change governments or take land, Us troops were still being put in European countries.  They are there only to be ready to fight.  Stalin saw a growing army in different countries than just protection against him.

3. Study the cartoon in Source 4. Does the cartoon give the impression that Stalin feels threatened by NATO?     
     Well in the cartoon, Stalin is looking at them in a very skeptical way.  He is more like glaring at them than anything else.  The NATO team doesn't really look very friendly towards him.  The guy with the monobrow looks especially unhappy with Stalin.  They look tense and the NATO group is looking down almost leaning forward waiting for Stalin to make his move.

4. Explain how Sources 4 and 5 present NATO in different ways.   
     In Source 4, NATO is just kind of waiting for Stalin to do something really bad.  But in source 5 NATO is shown as a vicious dog ready to jump on the USSR at any moment.  They show 2 different sides to what NATO could be perceived as.

5. Now explain why they present NATO in different ways.     

     I dont really know much about todays NATO.  It must preserve peace throughout the world and theres still the alies and they work together for a common goal...? :D

Berlin Blockade Document Analysis

Document Analysis

1. What type of document is this? What is its purpose?
     Both documents are primary sources.  They are both to the Central Intelligence Agency in Washington DC.  They are to give information to the US with regards for the Soviet Unions plans about Berlin.

2. When was it written? Why is that significant?
     They were both written on the same day, 30 June 1948.  This means that they sent and received just a few days after the letter was written (I think).


3. Who created the document? Who received the document?
     A spy from the US created the documents to share with the president and the Central Intelligence Agency.


4. Who is Marshal Sokolovsky?
     Marshal Sokolovsky was the German general who thought up/ presented the plans of what to do with Berlin.


5. How did the CIA get information of the meeting between Marshal Sokolovsky and German members of the German industrial committee?
     A spy sent by the US had gained access to the meeting between Marshal Sokolovsky and the German members of the GIC.  We obviously have good spies...

6. What were the three Soviet alternatives as they presented themselves when this document was written? What policy did the Soviets pursue over the course of the next nine months? Why?
     The three different choices that the Soviet Union came up with was to start a war with the United States, lift the travel restrictions from Berlin, or give up Berlin to the western part of it, which would also mean giving them the rail lines.  The Soviets decided to go with plan three, which would let them recover their food suplies and make the US and Britain feed the whole of Berlin by themselves...?  Or they would have to lift the travel restrictions into Berlin.
 
7. Stalin stated in a speech on February 9, 1946, "he [Stalin] blamed the last war on 'capitalist monopolies' and warning that, since the same forces still operated, the USSR must treble the basic materials of national defense such as iron and steel, double coal and oil production, and to delay the manufacture of consumer goods until rearmament was complete." Who are the "capitalist monopolies?" How does this statement enlighten the Soviet viewpoint against the United States? Were the Allies justified in canceling the shipments of German reparations to the Soviets at the end of World War II? Why did the Soviets rely so heavily on Germany for food and industry?        
     Stalin was trying to gain support from his followers.  He wanted to make the Us look bad by telling them that they were trying to stop Soviet Union.  He wanted to stock up his weapons and fule for the probability of a war that was bound to happen between the US and the USSR.  He tried to make the US look like the bad guys and turn people against them.

The Berlin Blockade and Airlift

1. What is Source 37 (p. 75) saying about Josip Tito, leader of Yugoslavia?     
     In this cartoon, Tito is accepting money from America.  He might be part of the Communist nation, but he is going behind their backs.  He is not suposed to be accepting money from america, but he is doing it secretly.  He is betraying Stalin.

2. Why do you think Stalin was so hostile to Tito?        
     Stalin didnt want Tito to be helped by the US.  Tito was the week point in his plan to keep the US out of Eastern Europe.  He didnt want Tito to ruin his plans and things...

3. Look back at the map in Source 27 on page 71. How does the geographical position of Yugoslavia help to explain why Stalin did not take any direct action (such as sending in troops) against Tito?     
     Yugoslavia is right on the edge of a body of water, which is across from Italy, and right under Greece, which are both controlled by the US and Britain troops.  If Stalin were to do something, about Tito, the US would surely know about it and take action against Stalin.

4. Read Source 40 (p. 77). What reasons did the Soviet Union give for cutting off West Berlin?       
     When the Soviet Union closed off roads and waterways, they said that it was because of technical difficulties.  Then there were orders to cut off electric power to the western sectors of the USSR.

5. Why do you think the USA did not believe these were genuine reasons?           
     The USA probably thought that it was weird that only half of Berlin had lost power.  They must have been suspicious because why would someone not let them in even if there was no power in the city?

6. How do Sources 41–43 differ in their interpretation of the blockade?            
     In source 41, it basically says that the events that happend did nothing to either side of Berlin.  They were both  stuck, Soviet trying to take all of Berlin while the West Berlin was holding strong but unsure if any other problems would occur.  The confrontation was just a stale mate.  Source 42, in the perspective of US president Truman, states that the US had won this stand off.  They had not been scarred out of Berlin and the blockade was only a test of strength.  Source 43 states that from the perspective of Stalin and his people, they had been tricked by the US and that the blockade was set up by the US.  They did these things to themselves and only made their side weaker.

7.  Which do you think is the most useful source for a historian studying the Berlin Blockade?       
     Depending on which side the historian is on, and which part of the blockade the historian is researching, any of the three sources could be useful.  If he is looking from the perspective of the Soviet's, then the third source is most useful.  If from the side of the americans, the second one is the most useful.  and if they dont know which side, or if they are showing both, you might say that they would find the first one most helpful.

8.  Which source do you think gives the most reliable view of the blockade?      
     I believe that source 42 is the most reliable.  It may just be because I myself am a US citizen and am biassed towards our own words, but Truman does not make to harsh a judgement of the Soviet Union.  Truman just says that the US was tested and they refused to leave Berlin.

Iron Curtain Separates Europe

1. What is your overall impression of Source 26 (p. 70) and use extracts from the source to support your view. (No fence sitting; you must choose one but not both)
• a reasonable assessment of Stalin’s aims based on the facts
• an overreaction to Stalin’s actions based on fear of and prejudice towards the USSR?        
     Mostly, the statement was very reasonable of what was happening in eastern Europe.  Though exaggerated slightly, the accounts of what is happening is mostly true.  Stalin is taking over countries that do not want to have their government changed and forcing Communism on them.  Stalin is abusing his power over what was given to him and using it unjustly.

2. Source 26 is a British source. Does it seem likely that similar documents were being produced by the American government?
     Yes it seems quite likely.  The US was trying to gain support for their cause to go help Britain stop the USSR from taking eastern europe.  The US had to convince citizens that the USSR had to be stopped and they were overthrowing governments to put Communist governments in favor.

3. Study Source 27 (p. 71) and make a list of three different actions that Communists took to achieve power in eastern Europe. Explain how each factor helped.
     1.  When Communist powers of government did come into effect, they took out all other opposing parties.
     2.  Started from small parties, and when they grew, overthrew the other government and took control.
     3.  Anyone who opposed the USSR was imprisoned and or killed.

Truman's Decision to Drop the A-Bomb

1. Who was Harry S. Truman's Secretary of War?
     Secretary of War at the time was Stimson.

2. Who was Truman's Chief of Staff?
     Chief of Staff at the time was Admiral William D. Leahy.

3. Why did Truman believe nuclear bombs needed to be used?
     Truman saw the bombs as necessary for this purpose, when the Japanese has surrendered unconditionally.

4. Why did Admiral Leahy believe nuclear bombs didn't need to be used?
     Leahy thought that the use of the atomic bombs were not material assistance in the war because the Japanese were already ready to surrender.

5. Why did Supreme Allied Commander and future president Dwight D. Eisenhower believe they didn't need to be used?
     Eisenhower believed that Japan was already defeated and the bomb was unnecessary.

6. Critics of Truman fall into two camps. One was that he acted rashly because of his "inferior foreign policy skills" when compared to FDR. What is the other major criticism?
     The second major criticism was from people who thought that the amount of money that was spent on the project pressured Truman to use it.

7. Key critics of Truman's use of the bomb weren't on the "historical fringe," but were who?
     Truman's Secretary of War, Stimson and Admiral Leahy.

8. Truman began to soften on his stance for unconditional surrender but something occurred that changed his mind for good. What was that?
     Truman changed his mind when the Trinity test of the atom bomb was a success.

9. Besides defeating Japan what was Truman's other possible motivation for using the nuclear bombs on Japan?
     If Truman could use the atomic bomb to destroy Japan, they might also be able to solve the looming geopolitical contest with the Soviet Union.

10. At Yalta Stalin promised to enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated. Conventional thinking said this if the Soviets began fighting against Japan.
     If the Soviets began to fight against Japan, the Japanese were sure to concede defeat.

11. The four-power surrender ultimatum to be presented to Japan was to be written and decided upon where?
    The surrender ultimatum was decided upon at the Postdam conference, and Churchill was the one who came up with the strategy.

12. What did the Washington Post editorialize about "unconditional surrender"?
     The Washington Post said that the US is suggesting that a more softening terms of surrender for Japan was never an option, and that the US will most likely go through with bombing Japan.  

13. What is the significance of Paragraph 12 in the draft copy of the Potsdam Proclamation prior to Truman setting sail on the USS Augusta? (More detail is needed for this question)
     Paragraph 12 says that Japan will be able to fix its country, so that the citizens will be able to chose their own leader, aslong as the rest of the world agrees on whomever they choose.  They will be able to keep their Emperor as long as Japan doesn't try to take over the world again.

14. What changed when the Proclamation was publicly announced on July 26?
     When it was announced in July, half of the statement was taken out, and the US was ready to use the atomic bomb to make sure that Japan would surrender and to establish the US's prime post in the postwar global balance of power.

15. According to the author, what might have changed Truman's mind to alter the wording in Paragraph 12? (More detail is needed for this question)
     (like stated in Q14)  Truman wanted to alter the paragraph because the success of the Trinity test that happened a few months? before.  Truman wanted to make sure that Japan surrendered.  He also wanted to make sure that people knew how powerful the US had become because of this new weapon.

16. Regarding his diary entry of a conversation with Winston Churchill (who is call "P.M." in the entry) what does the author suggest about Truman's attitude with the bomb despite learning what he does from Churchill?
     Truman had already decided to use the atomic bombs even though Churchill believed that Japan would undoubtedly surrender once the Soviet Union joined the fight.

17. What does his caption on the back of the photo of Stalin and Truman suggest about the use of the bomb?
     Truman sees Stalin as almost a friendly rival, to who will make Japan surrender first, and when they use the atomic bomb.

18. "From a foreign policy perspective" what two accomplishments were made by dropping the bomb?
     One accomplishment that was made was the end of the war with Japan.  The second accomplishment that wasn't exactly a good thing, was the start of the Cold War against the Soviet Union.

19. To give credit to Truman, why didn't he know what FDR's intentions were with the bomb?
     FDR did not tell Truman, his vice president anything about the Manhattan Project.  FDR didn't really like Truman very much, so he kept the project a secret until he died, and was not able to brief Truman about the project or the bomb.

20. How did the discrepancy between the loss of 1 million U.S. soldiers lives versus 20,000 to 40,000 if Japan's mainland would have been invaded, affect the understanding of their use?
     They exaggerated the deaths to show that the US had a reason to bomb Japan.  The public needed to under stand this side of the story so that there would be support for the bombings and give the atomic program support to keep working.

21. Based on your readings, this reading, and discussion in class, in a paragraph or two, answer the following: To what extent was President Truman's decision to drop bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified?
     Truman wanted this war to end.  He did not want this war to drag on and so he used fear and unnecessary violence (the atomic bombs) to end the war with Japan.  Truman also wanted to shows Stalin that the US did not need the Soviet's help.  They could take care of their own problems and didn't need any other nation to help them win.  He didn't trust Stalin, so he wanted to use the bombs before the 90 days were up to show how strong the US really was.  Truman was able to show the world that the US was now basically the most powerful country at the time, because he used the atomic bombs...

The Potsdam Conference

1. Read Source 17 (p 68). At Yalta, Churchill and Roosevelt had agreed with Stalin that eastern Europe would be a Soviet ‘sphere of influence’. Do you think Source 17 is what they had in mind?    
     No I don't think that source 17 is quite what europe and the US had in mind when they said that eastern europe would be a soviet sphere of influence.  They probably meant that the Soviet Union would be able to look after the countries that they had liberated, not over take them and force a certain government on them.  The US and Europe wanted the liberated countries to be able to chose their own government and be able to 

2. Would they agree with Stalin’s views expressed in Sources 17 and 18? Explain your answer.       
     They would defiantly not agree with Stalin's views.  They thought that he was being unreasonable.  Poland was not just a country that they could take land from.  They were still a people who wanted to govern themselves.  Stalin isn't supposed to force Communism on Poland.  They are supposed to let poland chose the kind of government they want.  But Stalin probably feels left out because they were not consulted about other matters concerning the eastern side of the world.  (from the U.S. perspective)

3.  Explain how each of the three developments described in the text might affect relationships at Potsdam.      
     The three nations were trying to fix what had been done during the time at the Potsdam meeting.  When they had to decide about what to do with Germany, the USSR thought that taking away Germany's power would make it safer for Stalin, but Truman decided to go against this, for the simple reason that the US did not want to make the same mistakes that the treaty of Versailles had made.  The second disagreement was about whether Germany should pay the USSR money for all of the deaths that they had lost, or wether they wanted to make the same mistakes as before.  Both the Soviet Union and the US. were set against each other in that  the US thought that Stalin was trying to make an empire, while the Stalin stated that he wanted to make sure that the threats against the USSR would no longer remain if he put pr0-soviet governments in eastern Europe.  Obviously Truman and Stalin were not the best of friends, and they certainly did not agree on many things.

Origins of the Cold War: Yalta Conference

1. Choose two points of agreement from the list and explain why they were significant for the future peace of Europe.      
First Point: Allied soldiers advanced through Germany, they were revealing the horrors of the Nazi concentration camps. The Big Three agreed to hunt down and punish war criminals who were responsible for the genocide.
     They are taking responsibility of the things that Hitler and the Nazis did and working together to reach a common goal.  They wanted to make sure that those who were responsible were given the punishment they deserved.  They were showing the world that they would take responsibility of the bad things that happened and would fix it.

Second Point: They agreed that as countries were liberated from occupation by the German army, they would be allowed to hold free elections to choose the government they wanted.
     They wanted to make sure that all of the countries that they were given the rights that they should have had before the Nazi took over and they could grow and fix their government themselves.  They were showing responsibility that they could be responsible and take care of other countries without taking them over.  These new governments would be able to govern their own countries and the three great powers would make sure that nothing went wrong.

2. Read Sources 2 - 11 on pages 320 and 321. What is your overall impression of the Yalta Conference based on these sources?

     At the Yalta Conference, there seemed to be a lot of tension between Stalin and the others.  They didn't seem to trust each other very much and were saying not very nice things about each other.  Stalin was untrusting of both Churchill and Roosevelt.  He thought that they wanted to try to claim more land for themselves.  And Churchill and Roosevelt didn't trust the Soviet Union and they didn't believe that they were doing things for the better.

America Enters World War II

1. What impact did the outbreak of war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and defense policy?   
     Because of the outbreak, the U.S. was pressured to either help Britain by aiding them with weapons, or watch as Germany and the other countries lead by evil dictators take over the eastern continents.  The U.S. couldn't help the British if they wanted to stick to their neutrality.  Roosevelt wanted to make sure that the US was protected against enemy threat, and so pushed congress to increase defense spending, and to build up a draft army.

2. Why did Roosevelt take one “ un-neutral” step after another to assist Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941?    
     Even though the US wanted to stay neutral, Roosevelt felt the need to take action and aid Britain and the Soviet Union against Hitler and the other waring nations.  Neither the British or the Soviet Union had enough supplies or fighting power to overtake Germany.  The US had to help or else they wouldn't be able to win the conflict.

3. Why was the Atlantic Charter important?   
     Because of the Atlantic Charter, Britain and the US agreed that the seas should be free and safe.  The Atlantic Charter became the base for creating the United Nations, the ones who would fight or give aid to fighting the Axis Powers.

4. Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall 1941?   
     The Germans were attacking US ships, both merchant and destroyers.  The US was getting sick of loosing ships and so Roosevelt told all that if they saw a German submarine, they could shoot it on sight.  

5. How was oil a source of conflict between Japan and the United States?   
     Because Japan was part of the Axis Powers, the US decided to stop supporting them with the oil that they needed to fuel their weapons.  Japan was very angry at the US for doing this and decided to declare war on them because they didn't get what they wanted.  

6. What problem would the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor solve for Roosevelt? What new problems would it create?  
     Because the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt was able to declare war on Japan.  What he was waiting for for a while.  On the down side, He now is engaged in war on both sides of the world, because Germany then declares war on the US because we declared war on Japan.  So Roosevelt now has to spread his army out much farther than it should be.

Dictators Threaten World Peace

1. Why did the new democracies set up after World War I fail? (And yes, I am aware the answer is in the reading so make sure your answer is in your own words.)      
     Many of the Democracies that were set up after world war 1 failed because people were angry about the depression and people were unhappy with their government.  The world was in chaos and people wanted stronger leaders.  This is how the dictators gained so much power durring this time.

2. What are the characteristics of a totalitarian state?     
     In a totalitarian state, the government has complete control over all of its citizens and those citizens do not have any right or say in their daily lives.  The government also had control over production of crops and money flow and all else that they deem not suitable for their citizens to have/control.

3. What factors led to the rise of Fascism in Italy?     
     Because of the depression the world was going through, in Italy, many people were angered at the inflation and unemployment that was happening.  The suffering citizens started striking, and the more wealthy classes started to become alarmed at these strikes.  They wanted a stronger leader to try to control these strikes and fix their country.  The person that came to power was Mussolini, and he established the Fascism party.

4. What were the key ideas and goals that Hitler presented in Mein Kampf ?      
     In Hitler's book, he had a basic set of rules that Nazism was bassed on.  Part of those rules were bassed on extreme nationalism.  He dreamed of having a German empire, that was comprised of only German-speaking countries.  Another rule of Nazism was that he wanted racial purification.  Hitler believed that Germans (with blond hair and blue eyes) made a "master-race" that was destined to rule the world.  Hitler also believed that Germany needed more living space to grow as a nation.

5. Why did Japan invade Manchuria?     
     Japan invaded Manchuria because they believed that they needed more living space to grow and become a prosperous nation.  They seized control of the Chinese provence.

6. What foreign countries were involved in the Spanish Civil War?     
     The United States tried to help Spain durring their Civil War.  They created the Abraham Lincoln Battalion to fight against Franco.  The Soviet Union also sent aid to Spain.

7. What factors contributed to America's growing isolationism?
     There were many things that aided to America's isolationism.  Many citizens did not want to have any more wars with other nations.  There were books published that said that the war was because of greedy bankers and business men.  There was much public outrage and a committee was formed and  it fulled the controversy of the growing problem.  All of these things clashed with President Roosevelts ideals of and foreign policies.