Imperialism's Bitter Fruit

1. What made the Filipino insurrection "far different than any conflict in which Americans had previously fought"?
The difference was the way the filipinos fought.  They used guerrilla tactics.  Instead of fighting head on against the US, they did quick-striking movements.  They didn't have any sort of organized army.  They also tortured and executed prisoners and committed other atrocities, both the US and the filipinos.  They used insurgents, who looked just like any other person to surprise the US troops.

2. Why were African-Americans among the strongest critics of the war against the Filipino nationalists?
African Americans were very disapproving of the war with the Filipinos. The Filipinos were discriminated in the same way that blacks where back in the US.  The Filipinos took advantage of this and put up posters that addressed the "Colored American Soldiers" and were reminded of the discrimination that they had suffered.  Blacks were not happy with this war because the Filipinos were being treated just like they had been.

3. Why did the United States lose its appetite for imperialism in the early 1900s?
The US realized it was quite difficult to occupi the Filippines.  The people of the US were not prepared to accept the burdens of an empire.  President Roosevelt called the island "American's Achilles heel."  They were not ready to deal with all of the problems and concerns of "babysitting" a small island.

4. How did the United States contribute to the development of Cuba and Puerto Rico?
America wanted to make sure that all their businesses were protected on Cuba.  Also, because of the US's growing technology and administrative expertise, this all contributed to rapid development on the island.  We added roads and telegraph lines.  We built schools  and cleaned up the place.  We also got rid of the yellow fever.  We helped Puerto Rico become one of our territories and gave its people the right to become citizens.  

5. Why did many Cubans come to resent the U.S. presence on their island?
The cubans didn't like the US on their island.  They also didn't like the situation they were forced into.  The Platt Amendment was the only way to get the US military from leaving their island.  This amendment had many elements to it.  It gave the US the right to oversee the cuban economy, exercise veto power over foreign policy, and intervene whenever necessary "for the protection of life property and individual liberty."  After the amendment was accepted, US took advantage of this and started to dominate the cuban economy.  cubans struggled to find opportunities, but it was very hard.  They didn't like our businesses or wealthy cuban plantations either.

6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? why or why not?
I do believe that the US was imperialistic.  They took over the islands without the consent of the people living there already.  They occupied the islands against the will of the filipinos and cuba.  They forced them to become territories, and when the philippines revolted, the US attacked back.

The Spanish-American War

1. How was the United States connected to Cuba in the 1890s?
     We were quite connected to Cuba in 1895.  We had a close tie with the islands sugar industry.  We even removed all of the tariffs that had been placed on Cuba so that it would be cheaper to buy.  Because of our increase in buying their sugar, we increased both of our economies.  Because of this, Cuban-American trade became almost 100$ million each year.

2. What were the main reasons the United States intervened in Cuba? (i.e. went to war) Which reason do you believe was most important? Explain your answer. 
      Durring their revolt, our press was all over the stories supplied by Cuban nationalists living in the US about the revolt.  In many news articles and magazines, there were  calls for supporting the nationalists.  Some wanted intervention because they thought that it was their right to do so.  Others were worried that American property was being damaged in the crossfire of the Spanish and Cuba and so that their businesses and trade would no longer be affected by the revolt.  Still others said that Spain had no right to be in the wester hemisphere at all (Monroe Doctrine).  Also, if Spain had controle of Cuba, it might make it difficult for America when the future canal in Central America (Panama Canal?) was built.

     I believe that because America's economy was dependent on Cubas sugar industry, the need to help Cuba out and release them from Spain made it clear that the US needed to help them.  If Cuba wasn't controlled by spain, then they could trade freely and it might have soon have become 100$ million annually for trade...

3. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?

   African Americans were eager to serve in the war because they thought that if they did, it would help them  rais their status and maybe be treated like any other white man.  They thought that maybe, if the participated in the fighting they would win respect from the community and then slowly back away from the discrimination.   But it seems that this action only brought them acknowledgement on the battle field, even though four of their regiments were ranked among the countries most elite units.  Yet they also were not allowed to become officers or a higher rank than just a solider. 

4. How did racial attitudes at the turn of the century shape American peceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines?

  Some (anti-imperialists) thought that if the US gained Cuba Puerto Rico and the Philippines, that it would change their government and would no longer be able to hold them self up as a government in power by the "consent of the governed."  Bringing the three islands into the picture would change the political system in the US and alter their character. ?

5. Why did Emilio Aguinaldo feel that the United States supported his campaign for Filipino independence? 

  He thought that North America felt that they had to help Cuba, strictly because what had happend to them had happend to the US also.  He thought that they were "sufficiently civilized and capable of governing ourselves and our unfortunate country."  He is saying that America thought that Cuba didn't need the help of Spain to govern them.  

6. Why do you think the Spanish-American War was called "a splendid little war" by an American diplomat at the time? Do you think we could have a "splendid little war" today? Explain your answer.
      It was probably called "a splendid little war" because the US gained 3 island colonies, and were able to show their power and rise even higher in the ranks of top countries.  Today though, I dont think it would mean the same thing.  The word war is different from what it ment back then. ?

Origins of America's Global Power

1. Identify five important changes that transformed America in the nineteenth century. 
A. One important change was the growth of immigration.  Because of all of the new people joining our country, we had more than enough working hands to progress the nation.

B.  Another important  change that was good for America was, because of all the immigrants, the growth of urban population, and all of the new cities that where growing.


C.  Yet another change that brought america forward was how we became very involved in trade.  We started trading in many counties, who got concerned about how our power was growing quite rapidly.  


D.  I also believe that the depression of 1893 was important to our growth.  This depression brought to the attention of many that our government was fragile, and that they needed to strengthen it and the foundation the businesses where growing on.


E.  And just how everyone thought they saw how they looked at America.  They needed to believe that it was ment to grow and become a world power.  The brave, patriotic America everyone saw helped them push themselves to gain more.

2. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression? 

The depression affected workers, causing them to loose their jobs and soon hundreds of thousands were unemployed and business owners, for loosing their prophets.  Because of their unemployment, they started strikes that frightened people and brought instability to city dwellers.  Though, farmers were probably the group that suffered the most, because it had worsened the already low income they were receiving.

3. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America's national character? 

American's thought that the western front brought with its name successfulness, bravery, ingenuity, individualism, patriotism, ... Some thought that just because that the west was almost fully settled, they would loose all of those meanings, and would just be as weak as they were in the beginning.

4. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas? 
They wanted to make sure that Britain and England in general did not take over half the world.  They wanted to go overseas so that they could regulate them and make sure that they didn't go overboard with all of their colonies.  They also wanted to make sure that Britain didn't stop their overseas trades with other countries that didn't have tariffs on them.

5. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? 

Some people thought that because of scientific racism and social darwinism, citizens of the US where suposed to help other lesser countries by sending missionaries.  They thought that they had to civilize the rest of the world.  They thought that it was God's will.  

6. Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and several Latin American nations.
   The US primarily wanted Hawaii because they thought that the Japanese would somehow take over and then stop the US from accessing their military base, Pearl Harbor.  The US also intervened in some other latin american nations because they wanted to stop some fighting in Nicaragua so that they could build a cannel safely.  

Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal

1. 1902 COAL STRIKE
a. What steps did Roosevelt take to solve the problem? 
Roosevelt decided, that after the coal strike had gone on for a while, and the coal reserves were running low, intervened and settled things by taking a third party (other than the workers or the employer) and made a decision so that the workers would get lower work hours and a 10% raise, but they must belong to a union and could no longer close shops.

b. Which legislation helped solve the problem?
None

2. TRUSTS
a. What steps did Roosevelt take to solve the problem? 
Roosevelt didnt think that all trusts were harmful, but he did want to lower the unfairness that some businesses had over others, like the standard oil company.  He became known as a trustbuster, when he made many clames to through the Sherman Antitrust Act, and some did succede, he was unable to slow the creating of trusts.

b. Which legislation helped solve the problem?
The legislation helped in the 1890's, when they had created the Sherman Antitrust Act, but did not really help Roosevelt when he was trying to bust the trust-making movements.

3. UNREGULATED BIG BUSINESS
a. What steps did Roosevelt take to solve the problem? 
Big Businesses like the Railroad companies needed to be put into their places.  Roosevelt wanted to stop business owners from fixing high prices by breaking into smaller businesses in a given area.

b. Which legislation helped solve the problem?
The Interstate Commerce Act
Elkines Act
The Hepburn Act

4. DANGEROUS FOODS AND MEDICINES
 a. What steps did Roosevelt take to solve the problem? 
Because he read "The Jungle", Roosevelt took action and appointed a commission of experts to investigate meatpacking industries.  The reports he got back were quite close to Sinclare's, and so he pushed the authorization of the Meat Inspection Act.

Also, industries used to lie/stretch the truth about what their products did/what was in them, and Congress felt that the public needed to know the truth of what kind if products they were getting.

b. Which legislation helped solve the problem?
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act


5. SHRINKING WILDERNESS AND NATURAL RESOURCES
a. What steps did Roosevelt take to solve the problem? 
He made many conservations, and put aside a lot of land for wildlife reservations and national parks and the like.  He knew that America's natural resources wouldn't last forever, and he wanted to make sure that we still had forests and clean rivers for a long time.

b. Which legislation helped solve the problem?
None?

6. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
a. What steps did Roosevelt take to solve the problem? 
None really,
Although he did appoint an African American the head of the Charleston, SC customhouse.

b. Which legislation helped solve the problem?
None

Explain the importance of each of the following:

7. Square Deal: A square deal is a term that is used to describe carious progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration.  This term is used for all of the reforms that roosevelt felt he needed to suport.

8. The Jungle: The book, the Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair, was very important, because it showed people, including the president Roosevelt, what was actually happening in meat processing plants, and the horrid conditions that they worked in and how the food was actually made.  It was brought to President Roosevelts attention and it made him take action and do something to make the food for the populace safer to eat.

9. Upton Sinclair: Upton Sinclair was the author of the book, The Jungle, and brought to everyones attention the sickening conditions fo the meatpacking industry.

10. NAACP: The NAACP stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and was a group that aimed to have full equality among all races.  They had over 6,000 members by 1914 and was created in New York.

11. Meat Inspection Act: The meat inspection act was put into place for the safety of the populace.  It was required for strict cleanliness from meatpacking plants.  They changed it a little because there were better techniques.

12. Pure Food & Drug Act: This halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and businesses were required to label truthfully.  This was also for the safety of the populace and also so that perhaps people would act more wisely.  


13. Significance of the 1902 Coal Miners’ Strike: Because of President Roosevelt, when a strike threatened the public, the federal government was supposedly in charge of stepping in and solving the problem.

The Jungle - Exposing the Meatpacking Industry

1. In your opinion, which specific details in this excerpt most convincingly highlight problems in the meatpacking industry in the early 1900s? Why? Use specific passages and quote. Analyze at least five details. 

A.     When the author describes the emotions of the people touring the building of the slaughter house.  They are shocked by what the workers are doing to the pigs.  "the visitors started in alarm, the women turned pale and shrank back...the men would look at each other ...and the women would stand with hands clenched, and the blood rushing to their faces, and the tears starting in their eyes."  They are clearly terrified of what these workers are doing and are not very happy either.

B.     The author also describes how the workers work, to kill the pigs.  They are like robots, that only do one thing and keep doing it over and over again.   "the men upon the floor were going about their work. Neither squeals of hogs nor tears of visitors made any difference to them..."  The men did not seem to have feelings for the animals or for the people watching them do their jobs.  

C.     How he tells the readers how the pigs are killed and gutted.  "One by one they hooked up the hogs, and one by one with a swift stroke they slit their throats. There was a long line of hogs, with squeals and lifeblood ebbing away together; until at last each started again, and vanished with a splash into a huge vat of boiling water..."  He goes on to talking about some of the details about what they actually do to the pigs.

D.     The author also talks about what they do with the spoiled meat.  That's just so gross.   I really hope they dont do that anymore, because that would make me want to become a vegetarian.  

E.  The way he tells about the dead rats and all the different meat they put into the sausages is interesting, in a sick way.  They just used a bunch of different meat and didnt even care about what kind it was or if it had gone bad or not.  "Cut up by the two-thousand-revolutions-a-minute flyers, and mixed with half a ton of other meat, no odor that ever was in a ham could make any difference."

2. What is the overall tone of the story?

     I think that the tone of this story is that the author wanted to show you the way that they processed meat back then, but also just to entertain people who wanted to read about what they did in 1900 meat packing plants.  This was mainly to inform and entertain people.  The top of the article tells you that the author wanted to show you his shocking portrayal of Chicago slaughterhouses in the early 1900s. He wanted to raise the publics awareness and promote congress to pass the meat inspection act and a pure food and drug act.

3. Based on your reading of this excerpt, why do you think Sinclair titled his novel The Jungle?

     I think that, after reading this story, he named the book The Jungle, because he wanted to portray how wild and crazy it was in these businesses.  "It was a jungle out there" meaning that it was an ungoverned business road where the employers or employees didnt care about the health or well being of their customers/citizens.  They just didnt care at all about health or safety and probably most of them just cared about getting payed at the end of the week or something...

Challenges of Urbanization

The Challenges of Urbanization

The People: why were the three groups below drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest? 
1. Immigrants - Immigrants were drawn to the city for the low cost in housing/place to live and they offered low wage jobs for unskilled workers.

2. Farmers - Farmers, more farm hands than farmers, had to move into cities so that they could find a living.  The new inventions made farming easier, but needed less workers to work on the farms. 

3. African-Americans - African Americans had moved more into the cities because they had lost their jobs working on farms in the south.  They also were trying to escape racial violence, but it was not much better in the north, where there was segregation.   Whites also feared loosing their jobs to Blacks and there was social conflict.

The Problems: What was done in response to the following five problems? 

4. Lack of safe and efficient transportation
     Because there was not sufficient transportation, many cities made new ways of transportation.  In many cities, there were electric subways and bus roots that helped people get places faster.

5. Unsafe drinking water
     Because a lot of cites didn't install proper water systems and pipes, people had to get water from faucets on the street.  The cities then made it mandatory that any new buildings had water systems and were installed properly.

6. Lack of sanitation 
     Sanitation was a major problem in growing cities.  People just threw their trash on the streets and the garbage disposal workers were not effective.  Because of these problems, cities started creating sewer lines and creating sanitation departments.

7. Fire Hazards
     Because most of the old buildings that were standing and being made as the cities expanded were made of wood, there was a ver high risk of buildings catching fire.  Back then, people used kerosine lamps and candles to light their homes, but because of the risk in starting fires, cities started building buildings with bricks, cement, and stone.

8. Crime
     Also with the growing cities and populations, pit-pockets and thieves flourished.  Because of this, cities started creating law enforcement groups.  But usually, they were to small to deal with the problem. 

Immigration

1. What major areas or countries of the world were immigrants coming from?
     Some of the major areas of the U.S. that immigrants were coming from was the East coast (California) and the West coast (New York, Long Island, Ellis Island)

2. What were the two major immigration processing stations in the United States?
     On Ellis Island, the immigrants had to go through a physical test, and be questioned by people asking about themselves and how much money they had with them.  On Angel Island, they were questioned harshly and had to stay in disgusting quarters for long periods of time.

3. Define Melting Pot.
     A melting pot is like a mixture of people from different cultures and races that blend by leaving their native cultures and languages behind and try to become more like U.S. citizens.

4. Define Nativism.
     Nativism is the favoritism of native-born americans, and they usually create anti-immigrant groups and they dont like immigrants (Asian, Latin, Slav)

5. According to the Immigration Restriction League, list the desirable immigrants.
     British, German and Scandinavian immigrants were welcomed by the Immigration Restriction League.

6. According to the Immigration Restriction League, list the “wrong” immigrants.
      Asian, Latin and Slav groups were un-welcomed and looked down upon by the group.


7. Why did nativists’ sometimes object to an immigrant’s religious background?
     The nativists' objected to immigrant religious backgrounds because they would undermine the democratic institute.

8. Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed?
     The act was passed because a lot of jobs were going to the Chines and they thought that the Chinese were talking all of the jobs, so the act was passed so that no more chinese could come into the country to take other peoples jobs.

Robber Baron Document Rankings

For each document, justify in a sentence or two why you believe it best represents the era you have been studying. Be sure to put the number of the document to the right of "document number." NOTE: There are no right or wrong answers with this assignment. Your justification is the key to making the documents "correct."

Power Rank 1:  Document Number: 1

Why do you believe it best represents the era you have been studying?.
     This shows exactly what happened and ow everything got started.  How someone saw how a few individuals got into the big business and took over.

Power Rank 2:  Document Number: 5

Why do you believe it best represents the era you have been studying?
     It is a cartoon, but I think that it portrays what the robber barrons were actually doing.  They took over the capital and it was an industry instead of a governing capital.

Power Rank 3:  Document Number: 14

Why do you believe it best represents the era you have been studying?
     Sometimes the law can be hard for one, but overall, it is good for everyone, or so it is said.  This document shows how there was survival of the fittest durring this time.

Power Rank 4:  Document Number: 10

Why do you believe it best represents the era you have been studying?
     There is depression and labor and it is a hard time but it cant be helped if the country is growing strong.

Power Rank 5:  Document Number: 8

Why do you believe it best represents the era you have been studying?

     It is one story out of many about the start of the industrial age.

Sorry Its late :(

Age of Railroads

1. What problems did employees of the railroad companies face?
People who worked for the railroad companies faced attacks from Indian tribes, disease and accidents.  When the stats came out in 1888, casualties were over 2,000 and more than 20,000 were injured.  It was very dangerous working on the railroads.  

   2. What was it like to live as a Pullman employee in the town of Pullman?
All employees of Pullman got to live in nice little towns that had all the basic necessities.  Small houses or apartments with windows in every room.  Windows were a luxury for city dwellers.  They were clean towns and gave them the use of doctor offices, shops and even an athletic field. 

   3. Who was involved in Crédit Mobilier, and what was the purpose of this company?
Stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a construction company (Credit Mobilier) to cheat companies into laying track two to three times the actual cost of what it should have been and the stockholder took the money they had collected.  They had taken up to 23$ million in stocks, bonds and cash and split it between a bunch of congress men....

   4. In what ways did the railroad companies use their power to hurt farmers?
The R.R. companies took advantage of the weaker farmers and made agreements with the government that did not aid or give the farmers opinion or side of things.  The R.R. companies were selling the land ment for farmers to other businesses.  

   5. Why didn’t the decision in the Munn v. Illinois case succeed in checking the power of the railroads?
The decision in the Munn v. Illinois gave the states the right to regulate the R.R.s for the benefit of farmers and consumers.  This didn't exactly help in checking the power of the railroads, just giving the power to the states instead of other businesses.  

Not sure if this is right...

   6. Why didn’t the Interstate Commerce Act immediately limit the power of the railroads? 
The law took along time to become legal.  The law was also resisted by the R.R.  The supreme court also said that they could not set a maximum R.R. rate.  When Roosevelt was president did the ICC gain the power to be effective.

Big Business and Labor

Read pages 447 – 450 (this is the first half of the chapter section, "Big Business & Labor - 14-3") and then answer the questions below about government’s attempts to regulate big business.

A. What is it?                    B.  How did it help businesses such as the Carnegie Company and tycoons like Andrew Carnegie?

1. Vertical integration

A.  When someone buys all of the natural resources and transportation so that they could controle most of all of the business (steel).  Like 1/3 of everything, resources, manufacturing, and distribution.
B.  He bought out all of his suppliers and could now controle all of the raw materials and transport systems.

2. Horizontal integration
A.  This is when one person tries to buy all of their competition.  Getting rid of their other competitors.  
B.   He also bought the other companies trying to sell their steel and merged them together.  Carnegie now controlled almost all of the steel industry.

3. Social Darwinism
A.  Social darwinism is basically the evolution of society.  This is how some people justified Laisse Faire.  They thought that business should be governed by natural law and no one had the right to intervene.  
B.  The Carnegie company must have flourished because of this.  The government would not stop them from taking over the steel industry and raking in all the cash.  This is how a lot of business had gotten very powerful and there was no room for other competition. 

4. Monopoly
A. When one company takes controle of the competition, so that the only place to get the product is from the company that took over all of the other companies.
B.  Andrew Carnegie had decided to buy all of his other competition.  This is a monopoly.  He got rid of everyone else so that people could only buy from him.  He did this by buying  out all of his competitors stocks.  

5. Holding company
A.  A form of monopoly.  A corporation that only bought the stocks of other companies.  
B.  J. P. Morgan was one of the most successful holding companies.  He became the worlds largest business when he bought the Cardigan Steel industry.

6. Trust
A.  A trust is when businesses join together and turn their stock over to a group of trustees.  Because of this sharing, the companies were allowed to divide the profits earned by the trust.   
B.  Rockefeller used this to gain total control of the oil industry...

7. The perception of tycoons as “robber barons”
C. How did it harm businesses such as Standard Oil and tycoons like John D. Rockefeller?
     People started seeing them as bad and steeling everyones money, but they also did great things like fund the Rockefeller Foundation and providing money to help in medical research.  

8. Sherman Antitrust Act
C. How did it harm businesses such as Standard Oil and tycoons like John D. Rockefeller?
     Businesses like the Standard Oil company weren't really that concerned about the Sherman Act.  If they thought that they might be caught, they would just split up into smaller groups...  The groups couldn't form trusts in other countries that interfered with trade, with other countries or the states. 

Expansion of Industry

After the Civil War, the United States was still a mostly rural nation. By the 1920s, it had become the leading industrial nation of the world. This immense change was caused by four major factors. Answer the questions for the first two factors.

Factor 1: Abundant Natural Resources
A. Which resources played crucial roles in industrialization?

     Black gold, which is also oil, and steel, which comes from iron without carbon in it.

B. How did Edwin L. Drake help industry to acquire larger quantities of oil?

     He used a steam engine to drill oil out of the ground.  This was the start of the oil boom and started in Kentucky.

C. How did the Bessemer process allow better use of iron ore?

     In the Bessemer process,  Iron ore was melted down and then air was injected into it.  This process released carbon and other impurities and the iron then became steel.

D. What new uses for steel were developed at this time?      The Bessemer process became improved and they came up with a new way to create steel.  This new process, the open-hearth process, also made it posible to create steel form scrap metal and raw materials.  With all of this steel, the railroads could be finished.  They could also make bridges and taller buildings because steel did not corrode like iron and could support large structures like sky scrapers.  

Factor 2: Increasing number of Inventions
A. How did Thomas Alva Edison contribute to this development? 

     Thomas E. had invented a light source that didn't just go out at night.  The lightbulb had created a whole new way on when people went to work.  He had harnessed the power of electricity and had perfected the lightbulb.    

B. How did George Westinghouse contribute to it? 

     George W.  had made the use of electricity safer for everyone and also less expensive.  Working with Thomas E. they made it easy to use electricity anywhere.   

C. How did Christopher Sholes contribute? 

     Christopher S. had created the first typewriter!  

Thats almost like creating the first computer....

D. How did Alexandar Graham Bell contribute? 

     He had created the telephone, which greatly impacted the whole world.  Both the typewriter and the telephone had totally changed the way people worked.  Women now had more job opportunities.  

Now people would start talking less to each-other in person and start texting more~

Factor 3: Expanding Urban Populations Provided new markets for inventions and industrial goods; and provided a ready supply of labor for industry
     ...
Factor 4: Government Support of Rapid Industrialization

     ...

Are we suposed to wright anything for these?

Tarbell's History of Standard Oil

1. How did Rockefeller set out to acquire control of the oil industry?
     He eliminated all of the competition, and controlled all production and sales in the U.S.  He created a monopoly.
2. Do you think Rockefeller deserved to be called a "robber baron?" Why or why not?
     He did deserve to be called a robber baron.  He created a monopoly on the oil and he could controle all of the oil and sales.  He could control the price of oil and make a tremendous profit.  He was robbing people of their money because he was the only person to sell oil and he was super rich, like a baron. 

Telling New Stories

1. What were the two versions of the Camp Grant attack that existed among the U.S. public, and who supported each view? 
Version One of the Event:  A group of U.S. settlers, Mexicans, and O'odham attacked the Apache living near camp Grant for revenge on them because they raided the settlement and killed some settlers.  

Who supported Version One?  Most of the Settlers supported this because they wanted revenge.  Also, once the rumors started, others also started to believe this, and supported the attack on the Apache.  

Version Two of the Event:  Lieutenant Whitman, the commander of the fort, thought that the attack was a violation of the U.S. peace agreement with the Apache, and it was a slaughter of innocent women and children.

Who supported Version Two?  The Government and the reform had believed the second version of events.  Public views became split between the settlers account and the forts.  

2. Why was the trial that took place after the attack significant?
     It was the first time in history of a western territory to defend Apaches and prosecute settlers instead of the other way around.

3. Whose views were absent in the accounts of this attack that were told in the United States?
     The Apache were not present at the trial, but the U.S. settlers, Mexicans, U.S. officials, and an O'odham leader were there. 

4. Why have Native American views been excluded from the story of U.S. expansion that is told in the United States?
     Only the anglo American settlers had access to national newspapers.  The Mexicans, Apache, and O'odham did not have the same access that the settlers had and therefor did not have the same opportunity to let outsiders hear their perspectives.  The Anglo Americans had only shown their side of the story and excluded or downsized much of what had really happened between Indians and american settlers.

5. What were the two parts of the U.S. government's assiimilation plan in the late nineteenth century? 
a.  Gather all of the indians and put them onto reservations.
b.  Make sure they spoke English, were Christians, and could farm small plots of land.  Then they could become citizens of the U.S.

6. Give two examples of how U.S. policy makers forced Indian groups to give up their cultures? 
a.  They banned indians from practicing their religions and ceremonies.
b.  They also took away the indians children and sent them to boarding school to "...conform to U.S. society voluntarily."

7. What effect did the railroad have on U.S. settlement of the West?
     The railroads brought more and more people streaming into the west.  Because of the Railroads, the journey that once took months only took a few days.  The western economy grew very fast.  The west was transformed from small farms, to ranches and cities and lots of industrialization.

8. How did westward expansion fuel U.S. industrialization?
     The west made all sorts of things for the rest of the world.  Because it was new to explore and mine, there was a lot of much needed materials, like minerals, and timber.  The ranches in the west also feed the East side of the U.S. and some of Europe also.  The west was a major help in a lot of ways to the rest of the world.

Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona - Part II

6. What two threats did Mexico face in its northern frontier in the mid-nineteenth century?
a.  One of the conflicts that became a problem for northern mexico was that they started fighting again with the native indian groups that they had tried to make peace with before.  Some mexican leaders wanted to exterminate the Apache.
b.  The second conflict was from the north.  The U.S. wanted to settle on the northern part of the Mexican territory.  They thought that they could use the natural recourses that were in the northern part of mexico better than the mexicans could. 

  7. Why did the Gadsden Purchase have such a great impact on northern Mexicans?

  The Gadsden Purchase had a great impact on northern mexicans because when the U.S. bought the land, there were still towns from mexico living there.  Those mexican towns then became U.S. towns.  Most of the mexicans living in those towns didn't want to become citizens of the United States.


  8. List two ways that cultural misunderstanding contributed to a growing conflict between U.S. settlers and Apache groups.
a.  Both the U.S. and the Apache misunderstood each other.  The U.S. keept accusing the Apache for raiding their settlements, when they were not the same group that the U.S signed a treaty with.  The United States usually confused the groups they had made treaties with.  Also, they thought that when they signed with a group of Apache, it ment multiple groups rather than just that group.
b.  The Americans also made problems worse because when they started attacking Apache groups, they destroyed food sources and encouraged further raiding..

 9. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase spark a civil war in...
a. Mexico?  The mexican citizens were angry that they lost so much land.  They thought that because they had lost land, that they might look weak and  some even said that their government, economy, and society need to start over again.
b. the United States?  Because the United States had gained so much land, there were arguments over wether the territory should be a slave state or a free state.

10. a. What did many U.S. settlers want U.S. policy towards the Apache to be?

  Most U.S. settlers wanted to exterminate the Apache.  The government "turned its energies towards pacifying Indian groups in the West U.S."


b. In what ways did this clash with the federal government’s Peace Policy?
  If there were to be reservations for the indians, the settlers gathered that it would provide resources for the Apache but it would not punish them for the raiding that they had done previous to the reservations.  The reservations would also do nothing to stop them from raiding, or help them understand why they shouldn't raid.

11. Why were the Apache hesitant to move onto reservations?

  The Apache were cautious to trust the U.S. because they thought it was a hoax to exterminate them.  Also, they could no longer live their normal lives because it prevented them from taking their yearly migrations.  

Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona

1. What were the two broad groupings of Native Americans in southern Arizona when the Spanish arrived?
Broad Group 1   Name for Self: O'odham [Akimel, Hia-Ced, Tohono] Spanish Name(s): Pima/Papago
Broad Group 2   Name for self: Western Apache/Chiricahua Spanish Name(s): Apache

2. How did the O’odham show their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions? 
      The O'odham used many lies to try to get away from the villages so that the father would not stop them from doing rituals and other non christian rituals.

3. Why did Apache groups raid Spanish settlements?  
     They raided spanish settlements because they needed the suplies that the spanish brought.  In the harsh environment that they lived in, it was hard for them to find food, and they found that raiding spanish settlements was much easier for getting suplies.

4. What was the cycle of violence? 
      The cycle of violence is set up so that after the Apache raided the spanish settlements, the spanish would have the O'odham attack the Apache and steal women and children to give to the spanish as slaves.  The Apache would then attack the O'odham to make up for the people killed by the first O'odham attack, and they would also take spanish people as a means to try to get back their old members of the group.  Then the spanish would get mad again and the circle of violence would start all over.

5. How did Spanish and Apache views of the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differ? 
     The spanish and most of the Apache had come to a means of peace because of the establicimientos de paz.  The spanish had fewer Apache attack and raid their settlements, while the Apache got rations of grain, meat, sugar, tobacco, and other goods if they started settling near spanish settlements.